CIES transfer report: Al-Hilal tops global value losses as Frankfurt leads gains

The CIES football observatory has published a five-year ranking of clubs' transfer-market value performance, highlighting Al-Hilal's global decline and Frankfurt's gains.

• The CIES football observatory published a ranking comparing clubs' transfer spending with sale returns and current player market values.
• Al-Hilal recorded the largest global decline in transfer value at 502 million euros, with Al-Nasr third at 229 million euros.
• Manchester United led European clubs in lost value at 405 million euros, according to the CIES data.
• Eintracht Frankfurt headed the gains list at 527 million euros, one million ahead of Real Madrid, with Paris Saint-Germain third.